International Journal Of Bio-Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials
Volume:3 Issue: 1, Spring 2014

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of cyclic oligosaccharides which are composed of α (1,4) -linked glucopyranose subunits. Thebest-characterized forms are α, β and γ CD which are consisted of six, seven and eight D-glucose units, respectively. Cyclodextrins are produced from starch by enzymatic degradation. These macrocyclic carbohydrates with polar internal cavities can form complexes with and solubilize many normally water-insoluble compounds. Cyclodextrins are useful molecular chelating agents. They are used in food industry as food additives, for stabilization of flavors, for elimination of undesired tastes or other undesired compounds such as cholesterol and avoiding microbiological contaminations and browning reactions. Also, the molecular encapsulation of lipophilic food ingredients with cyclodextrin improves the stability of flavors, vitamins, colorants and unsaturated fats, etc., both in physical and chemical sense leading to extended product shelf-life.

The external and interlamellar spaces of montmorilonite (MMT) were used as solid support for synthesis of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) at room temperature by the chemical reduction method. In this project, Copper Nitrate plus water (Cu(NO3)2. xH2O) and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) were used as Copper precursor and reducing agent respectively. Then, MMT/Cu2+ nanocomposites were stabilized with different range of the weight percent of Polyethylene glycol (PEG). The solids were characterized by X-Ray diffractometry (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)‚ Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)‚ Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The antibacterial activities of different size of CuO NPs in MMT were investigated against Gram-positive‚ Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacteria and Escherichia coli‚ by the disk diffusion method using Muller-Hinton agar (MHA). These results were showed that smaller CuO NPs were found to have higher antibacterial activities. By this method we were able to obtain CuO NPs with different sizes and making them applicable to medical applications and can be used as effective growth inhibitors in different biological system.

trihydratewas taken as metal precursor, ascorbic acid at the presence of an appropriate amount of NaOH as reducing agent and polyvinylpyrrolidonek-30 (PVP K-30) as a stabilizing and capping agent. The reaction was performed in high-speed stirring rate at room temperature.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM with EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and DRS UV-Vis analysis have been used for characterization of the sample. SEM images shows formation of spherical shape nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements showed that the nanoparticles are crystalline and mainly composed of face-centered cubic (FCC). Using the Debye-Scherer formula average particle size of nanoparticles was calculated to be about 4.28 nm. UV-Vis absorption spectrum reveals the formation of gold nanoparticles by showing surface plasmon absorption maxima at 500 nm.

In this research at the first, xylometazoline hydrochloride drug (XY) and its fullerene connected form (FXY) were optimized. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) calculations for these compounds were carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G* quantum chemistry level, in the gas phase and the liquid phase. These calculations can be performed at different accuracy levels depending on the aim of the theoretical study. For instance, Density Functional Theory (DFT) can be used to calculate an accurate electronic structure, HOMO and LUMO energies, Mulliken charge of atoms, energetic orbital levels, chemical hardness, chemical potential and electrophilicity of systems, and finally chemical, physical, biological, pharmacological and industrial of fullerene and fullerene derivatives. Theoretical calculations such as NBO are very important to understand the pathways of electron transfer in assemblies. Consequently, the obtained results showed that energy orbital levels decreased considerably by linking structure of xylometazoline hydrochlorideto structure of fullerene C60. In the study some other characteristics such as chemical potential, chemical hardness, electrophilicity in these structures; it was found that they changed considerably. These changes show dependency of the results, on the power of electron affinity of C60. In another part, the valence electrons populations for carbons, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen atoms in similar positionfor FXY and XY were compared.Finally the data were compared and discussed.

Chiral pyrrolidines and pyrrolizidines with spirooxindole ring systems are the central skeletons for numerous alkaloids and pharmacologically important compounds. Gelesmine, pseudotabersonine, formosanine, isoformosanine, morroniside and mitraphylline are some of the alkaloids containing spirooxindole ring systems. Derivatives of spirooxindole find very wide biological applications as anti microbials, anti-inflammatory, antitumourals, antibiotic agents and inhibitors of human NK-1 receptors. An efficient one-pot three-component procedure for the synthesis of newchiral spirooxindolopyrrolidines/pyrrolizidines with highly regio and diastereo-enantio, selective from 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethineylides and chiral menthol-drived trans-cinnamic are described. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed on the basis of the assignment of the absolute configuration of one of the cycloaddition products, which obtained by single crystal X-ray analysis. The process is occured at reflux temperature in ethanol as green solvent and in the absence of any bidentate chelating Lewis acids.

In this research, after conducting chemical tests on flour samples (moisture, ash, protein, fiber and pH), potato flour and xanthan gum were added to wheat four at levels 5, 10 and 15 percents and 0.5 and 1 percents, respectively, and subsequently production of toast bread in semi-industrial manner was started, Then the qualitative characteristics (Nutritional Value) of toast breads were measured and Staling rate of all samples was evaluated mechanically with the use of Instron machine. The results of evaluation of Nutritional Value of bread samples showed that the amount of moisture, protein, ash and fiber in breads containing of potato flour and xanthan were increasing in proportion to controlled bread (bread not containing potato flour and xanthan), in addition to the fact that application of 10 and 15 percent levels of potato flour and 1percent level of xanthan gum resulted in a better Nutritional Value in comparison with other levels. Also evaluation of bread samples after 24, 48 and 72 hours of baking showed that potato flour and xanthan gum had positive influences on breads freshness and P1 treatment (5% potato flour and 0.5% xanthan) showing the highest tenderness and the lowest staling rate at all three time intervals. Mechanical analysis indicated that samples containing different levels of potato flour and 0.5% Xanthan (P1, P2 and P3) are showing the lowest staling rate.

Stabilities and quantum molecular descriptors of cyclophoshphamide (an anticancer drug)-functionalized (8,0) zigzag and (4,4) armchair carbon nanotubes (CNTs) complexes in water were studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Two attachments namely the sidewall- and tip-attachments are considered for the model constructions. Calculations of the total electronic energy (Et) and binding energy (Eb) of all complexes indicates better thermodynamic stabilities for the sidewall-attachment of cyclophosphamide than the tip-attachment. On the other hand, results from chemical hardness show that drug-functionalized (8,0) zigzag and (4,4) armchair complexes in the tip-attachment configuration possess the smallest and greatest chemical hardness, respectively. By computing the solvation energy, it is found that the solution of the drug and all complexes are spontaneous in water. Furthermore, chirality and attachment configuration have no effects on solvation energy of complexes.

Cobalt ferrite nano-powder have been obtained through a hydrothermal method with 2:1 molar ratio of Fe:Co without using any surfactant. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to consider the structural and morphological properties of CoFe2O4 nano-particles. Also, EDAX spectroscopy applied to evaluate the chemical composition. Results demonstrated that 15 hr hydrothermal processing was enough. In the hydrothermal period of reaction more than 15 hr (21 hr) Fe2O3 sub-phase was identified which this could be due to instability of CoFe2O4 at supercritical condition. The average particle size and the percentage of crystallinity for single phase sample were calculated 34.7 nm and 98%, respectively.